Monodictys
Monodictys S. Hughes
Index Fungorum number: IF 8979
Saprobic on various hosts in freshwater, terrestrial and marine habitats. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on natural substrate effuse or sporodochial, green, greenish blue, lavender, blackish brown or black. Mycelium superficial or partly immersed, consisting of branched, septate, thin-walled, smooth or verrucose, pale to medium brown hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous or semi-macronematous, mononematous, scattered or closely packed together in the sporodochia, straight or flexuous, unbranched or irregularly branched, hyaline to brown, septate or aseptate, smooth, thin-walled, sometimes with swollen cells. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, single, cylindrical, doliiform or subspherical, hyaline or subhyaline. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, dry, simple, oblong, pyriform, clavate, ellipsoidal, subspherical or irregular, rounded at the ends, straight, sometimes spirally twisted, brown to black, muriform, smooth or verrucose, basal cell sometimes inflated, paler and thinner-walled than the other cells. Conidial secession mostly schizolytic (Cai et al. 2006).
Type species: Monodictys putredinis (Wallr.) S. Hughes
Notes: Monodictys is characterized by muriform, irregular-shaped conidia usually formed on micronematous conidiophores (Cai et al. 2006). Monodictys species were isolated from wood, leaves, stems, litter, lichens, soil and dung (Seifert et al. 2011), and human skin (Singh and Barde 1985) in freshwater and marine habitats (Rao and De Hoog 1986; Goh and Hyde 1999).
The sexual morphs of several monodictys-like species were linked to Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Hyaloscypha Boud., Nereiospora E.B.G. Jones et al., Ohleria Fuckel and Tubeufia based on cultural methods (Samuels 1980; Mouzouras and Jones 1985; Chang 2001; Hosoya and Huhtinen 2002). Monodictys is similar to Berkleasmium Zobel in conidial morphology but differs by the micronematous conidiophores (Cai et al. 2006). Monodictys is polyphyletic (Tanaka et al. 2015). The sequence data of the type species M. putredinis are unavailable, thus Monodictys is tentatively placed in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis (Wijayawardene et al. 2018, 2020).
Ten species occur in freshwater habitats (see list below) and none of them has sequence data. They can be distinguished by sporodochial conidiomata, conidial shape, size, septa and ornamentation.
List of freshwater Monodictys species
Monodictys castaneae (Wallr.) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 785 (1958)
Basionym: Hyphelia castaneae Wallr. [as ‘castanea’], Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: 244 (1833)
Freshwater distribution: USA (Shearer 1972)
Monodictys cruciseptata J.L. Crane & Schokn., in Schoknecht & Crane, Can. J. Bot. 61(8): 2244 (1983)
Freshwater distribution: USA (Schoknecht and Crane 1983)
Monodictys fluctuata (Tandon & Bilgrami) M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 125: 5 (1971)
Basionym: Acrospeira fluctuata Tandon & Bilgrami, Sci. Cult. 27: 408 (1961)
Freshwater distribution: Thailand (Hu et al. 2010)
Monodictys melanocephaloides Goh & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 3: 77 (1999)
Freshwater distribution: China (Goh and Hyde 1999), Thailand (Hu et al. 2010)
Monodictys pandani Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 4: 12 (1985)
Freshwater distribution: Australia (Hyde and Goh 1998a), China (Tsui et al. 2001c)
Monodictys paradoxa (Corda) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 786 (1958)
Basionym: Sporidesmium paradoxum Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 2: 6 (1838)
Freshwater distribution: Thailand (Hu et al. 2010)
Monodictys putredinis (Wallr.) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 785 (1958)
Basionym: Melanconium putredinis Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: 181 (1833)
Freshwater distribution: South Africa (Hyde et al. 1998), China (Tsui et al. 2000, 2001)
Monodictys sessilis Hol.-Jech., in Holubová-Jechová & Mercado Sierra, Česká Mykol. 40(3): 151 (19
86)
Freshwater distribution: China (Tsui et al. 2000, 2001)
Monodictys striata (Petch) V. Rao & de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 28: 30 (1986)
Basionym: Sporidesmium striatum Petch, Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 6(3): 249 (1917)
Freshwater distribution: China (Tsui et al. 2000)
Monodictys trichocladiopsis Goh & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 3: 79 (1999)
Freshwater distribution: China (Goh and Hyde 1999)
Key to freshwater Monodictys species (Dong et al. 2020)
1. Sporodochial conidiomata present.............................................................. 2
1. Sporodochial conidiomata absent............................................................... 4
2. Conidia dictyoseptate.................................................. M. melanocephaloides
2. Conidia irregularly septate........................................................................... 3
3. Conidia 16–22 × 27–35 μm.............................................................. M. striata
3. Conidia 68–115 × 36–48 μm........................................................... M. sessilis
4. Conidia < 10 cells....................................................................................... 5
4. Conidia > 10 cells....................................................................................... 6
5. Conidia globose to subglobose.............................................. M. cruciseptata
5. Conidia pyriform to ellipsoidal........................................... M. trichocladiopsis
6. Basal cell conspicuous............................................................... M. paradoxa
6. Basal cell inconspicuous if hyaline............................................................... 7
7. Conidia subglobose to broadly obovoidal, brown to black......... M. castaneae
7. Conidia ellipsoidal to elongate, medium brown if obovoidal.......................... 8
8. Mature conidia rough-walled......................................................... M. fluctuata
8. Mature conidia smooth-walled..................................................................... 9
9. Conidia sessile............................................................................. M. pandani
9. Conidia with some hyaline or pale brown supporting cells............ M. putredinis
References
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