Pleosporales » Dictyosporiaceae

Dictyosporium

Dictyosporium Corda, Weitenweber’s Beitr. Nat.: 87 (1836)

 

Saprobic on decaying wood and plant debris in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, superficial, solitary or scattered, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, collapsed when dry, ostiolate. Peridium membranaceous, composed of several layers of dark brown, small cells of textura angularis or textura epidermoidea. Pseudoparaphyses numerous, cellular, subcylindrical, hyaline, septate. Asci bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical or saccate, pedicellate, apically rounded with an ocular chamber. Ascospores biseriate, fusiform, elongated-ellipsoid, septate, hyaline, with or without mucilaginous sheath (Boonmee et al. 2016). Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies punctiform, sporodochial, effuse or compact, olive, brown to black, glistening, with immersed mycelium. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, flexuous, irregularly branched, hyaline to brown, smooth, sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, terminal or sometimes intercalary, determinate, cylindrical, doliiform, spherical or subspherical, hyaline to pale brown. Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous or sometimes pleurogenous, cheiroid, complanate, olive to brown, smooth, multiseptate (Boonmee et al. 2016).

 

Type species: Dictyosporium elegans Corda

 

Notes: Dictyosporium was introduced for asexual species producing punctiform, sporodochial colonies and cheiroid, complanate conidia. The sexual morph D. meiosporum Boonmee & K.D. Hyde and D. sexualis Boonmee & K.D. Hyde were reported based on phylogenetic analysis (Liu et al. 2015). Nineteen freshwater Dictyosporium species are accepted in the genus, and 11 species are confirmed with molecular data. Dictyosporium species can be distinguished by the conidial size, appendage, sheath and rows (see key below).

 

 List of freshwater Dictyosporium species

*Dictyosporium aquaticum Abdel-Aziz, Fungal Diversity 72: 72 (2015)

Freshwater distribution: Egypt (Liu et al. 2015)

Dictyosporium biseriale D.M. Hu, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 62(2): 197 (2010)

Freshwater distribution: Yunnan, China (Hu et al. 2010)

Dictyosporium canisporum L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 55(2): 130 (2003)

Freshwater distribution: Yunnan, China (Cai et al. 2003b)

*Dictyosporium digitatum J.L. Chen, C.H. Hwang & Tzean, Mycol. Res. 95(9): 1145 (1991)

Freshwater distribution: Australia (Goh et al. 1999), Brunei (Goh et al. 1999), China (Goh et al. 1999; Tsui et al. 2000, 2001), Thailand (Sivichai et al. 2002)

Dictyosporium lakefuxianense L. Cai, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie [as ‘lakefuxianensis’], Cryptog. Mycol. 24(1): 5 (2003)

Freshwater distribution: Yunnan, China (Cai et al. 2003b)

*Dictyosporium nigroapice Goh, W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde, in Goh, Hyde & Yanna, Fungal Diversity 103(1): 83 (1999)

Freshwater distribution: Hong Kong, China (Goh et al. 1999; Sivichai et al. 2002; Yang et al. 2018)

*Dictyosporium olivaceosporum Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray., Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 474 (2016)

Freshwater distribution: Japan (Boonmee et al. 2016)

*Dictyosporium palmae Abdel-Aziz, Mycosphere 7(4): [453] (2016)

Freshwater distribution: Egypt (Abdel-Aziz 2016)

Dictyosporium pelagicum (Linder) G.C. Hughes ex E.B.G. Jones [as ‘pelagica’], Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 46(1): 137 (1963)

Freshwater distribution: USA (Shearer 1972)

Dictyosporium polystichum (Höhn.) Damon, Lloydia 15: 118 (1952)

Freshwater distribution: Yunnan, China (Luo et al. 2004)

*Dictyosporium stellatum G.P. White & Seifert, Persoonia 26: 156 (2011)

Freshwater distribution: Ontario (Crous et al. 2011)

*Dictyosporium tetraseriale Goh, Yanna & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 103(1): 87 (1999)

Freshwater distribution: Brunei (Goh et al. 1999), Hong Kong, China (Goh et al. 1999)

*Dictyosporium tetrasporum L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Mycoscience 48(5): 290 (2007)

Freshwater distribution: Yunnan, China (Cai and Hyde 2007)

*Dictyosporium thailandicum M.J. D’souza, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 72: 78 (2015)

Freshwater distribution: Thailand (Liu et al. 2015)

*Dictyosporium tratense J. Yang & K.D. Hyde, MycoKeys 36: 96 (2018)

Freshwater distribution: Thailand (Yang et al. 2018)

Dictyosporium triramosum Aramb., Cabello & Cazau, Mycotaxon 78: 185 (2001)

Freshwater distribution: Buenos Aires (Arambarri 2001)

*Dictyosporium tubulatum J. Yang, K.D. Hyde & Z.Y. Liu, MycoKeys 36: 94 (2018)

Freshwater distribution: Thailand (Yang et al. 2018)

Dictyosporium yunnanense L. Cai, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie [as ‘yunnanensis’], Cryptog. Mycol. 24(1): 7 (2003)

Freshwater distribution: Yunnan, China (Cai et al. 2003b)

*Dictyosporium zhejiangense Wongs., H.K. Wang, K.D. Hyde & F.C. Lin, Cryptog. Mycol. 30(4): 358 (2009)

Freshwater distribution: Zhejiang, China (Wongsawas et al. 2009)

 

Key to freshwater Dictyosporium species (only species confirmed with molecular data)

1. Conidia without appendages....................................................................... 2

1. Conidia with appendage.............................................................................. 3

2. Conidia (50–)95–140(–175) μm × (27.5–)30–40(–52.5) μm.............. D. stellatum

2. Conidia 23.5–40 μm × 16–21.5 μm.......................................... D. tetrasporum

3. Conidia with sheath..................................................................................... 4

3. Conidia without sheath................................................................................ 5

4. Conidia 60–85 μm × 20–30 μm.................................................. D. aquaticum

4. Conidia (40–)43–54(–57) μm × (20–)23–32(–36) μm......................... D. tratense

5. Conidia with two types of appendages........................................... D. palmae

5. Conidia with one type of appendage............................................................ 6

6. Conidia > 45 μm long................................................................. D. digitatum

6. Conidia < 45 μm long.................................................................................. 7

7. Conidia not complanate................................................... D. olivaceosporum

7. Conidia complanate.................................................................................... 8

8. Conidia consist of five rows of cells............................................................ 9

8. Conidia mostly consist of four rows of cells............................................... 10

9. Appendages variable in shape.............................................. D. zhejiangense

9. Appendages tubular............................................................. D. thailandicum

10. Conidial appendage 22–34 × 4–5 μm....................................... D. nigroapice

10. Conidial appendage 19–24 × 3.5–7 μm..................................... D. tubulatum

 

References

Abdel-Aziz FA (2016) Two new cheirosporous asexual taxa (Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) from freshwater habitats in Egypt. Mycosphere 7:448–457

Arambarri AM (2001) Dictyosporium triramosum, a new hyphomycete from Argentina. Mycotaxon 78:185–189

Boonmee, S., D’souza, M.J., Luo, Z. et al. Dictyosporiaceae fam. nov. Fungal Diversity 80, 457–482 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0363-z

Cai L, Hyde KD (2007) Anamorphic fungi from freshwater habitats in China: Dictyosporium tetrasporum and Exserticlava yunnanensis spp. nov., and two new records for Pseudofuscophialis lignicola and Pseudobotrytis terrestris. Mycoscience 48:290–296

Cai L, Zhang KQ, McKenzie EHC, Hyde KD (2003a) New species of Dictyosporium and Digitodesmium from submerged wood in Yunnan, China. Sydowia 55:129–135

Cai L, Zhang KQ, McKenzie EHC, Lumyong S, Hyde KD (2003b) New species of Canalisporium and Dictyosporium from China and a note on the differences between these genera. Cryptogam Mycol 24:3–11

Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Shivas RG, Edwards J, Seifert KA, Alfenas AC, Alfenas RF, Burgess TI, Carnegie AJ, Hardy GEStJ, Hiscock N, Hüberli D, Jung T, Louis-Seize G, Okada G, Pereira OL, Stukely MJC, Wang W, White GP, Young AJ, McTaggart AR, Pascoe IG, Porter IJ, Quaedvlieg W (2011) Fungal Planet description sheets: 69–91. Persoonia 26:108–156

Goh TK, Hyde KD, Ho WH, Yanna (1999) A revision of the genus Dictyosporium, with descriptions of three new species. Fungal Divers 2:65–100

Hu DM, Cai L, Chen H, Bahkali AH, Hyde KD (2010) Four new freshwater fungi associated with submerged wood from Southwest Asia. Sydowia 62:191–203

Liu JK, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat DJ, Boonmee S, Maharachchikumbura SSN, McKenzie EHC, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Shenoy BD, Abdel-Wahab MA, Buyck B, Chen J, Chethana KWT, Singtripop C, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Daranagama DA, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Dsouza MJ, Fan XL, Goonasekara ID, Hirayama K, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Karunarathna SC, Li WJ, Mapook A, Norphanphoun C, Pang KL, Perera RH, Peršoh D, Pinruan U, Senanayake IC, Somrithipol S, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Udayanga D, Wijayawardene NN, Wanasinghe D, Wisitrassameewong K, Zeng XY, Abdel-Aziz FA, Adamčík S, Bahkali AH, Boonyuen N, Bulgakov T, Callac P, Chomnunti P, Greiner K, Hashimoto A, Hofstetter V, Kang JC, Lewis J, Li XH, Liu XZ, Liu ZY, Matsumura M, Mortimer PE, Rambold G, Randrianjohany E, Sato G, Sri-Indrasutdhi V, Tian CM, Verbeken A, von Brackel W, Wang Y, Wen TC, Xu JC, Yan JY, Zhao RL, Camporesi E (2015) Fungal diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. Fungal Divers 72:1–197

Luo J, Yin J, Cai L, Zhang KQ, Hyde KD (2004) Freshwater fungi in Lake Dianchi, a heavily polluted lake in Yunnan, China. Fungal Divers 16:93–112

Shearer CA (1972) Fungi of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. III. The distribution of wood-inhabiting ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti of the Patuxent River. Am J Bot 59:961–969

Sivichai S, Jones EBG, Hywel-Jones NL (2002) Fungal colonisation of wood in a freshwater stream at Tad Ta Phu, Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Fungal Divers 10:113–129

Tsui CKM, Hyde KD, Hodgkiss IJ (2001) Colonization patterns of wood-inhabiting fungi on baits in Hong Kong rivers, with reference to the effects of organic pollution. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 79:33–38

Tsui KM, Hyde KD, Hodgkiss IJ (2000) Biodiversity of fungi on submerged wood in Hong Kong streams. Aquat Microb Ecol 21:289–298

Wongsawas M, Wang HK, Hyde KD, Lin FC (2009) Dictyosporium zhejiangense sp. nov., a new freshwater anamorphic fungus from China. Cryptogam Mycol 30:355–362

Yang J, Liu JK, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu ZY (2018) New species in Dictyosporium, new combinations in Dictyocheirospora and an updated backbone tree for Dictyosporiaceae. Mycokeys 36:83–105

 

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