Lophiostoma
Lophiostoma Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 219 (1863)
Index Fungorum number: 2933
Saprobic on herbaceous and woody substrates in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered to gregarious, immersed to semi-immersed, papilla erumpent through host surface, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, glabrous, dark brown to black, coriaceous to carbonaceous, ostiolate. Ostiole slit-like, with crest-like apex, usually with a pore opening, plugged by gelatinous tissue. Peridium wider at the apex and thinner at the base, composed of a single stratum, comprising several layers of lightly pigmented to dark brown, thin-walled cells, outer layer fusing and indistinguishable from the host tissues. Pseudoparaphyses numerous, cellular, hypha-like, septate, branched, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, short to long pedicellate, rounded at the apex with an ocular chamber. Ascospores uni- or partially bi-seriate, fusiform, straight to slightly curved, hyaline to yellowish brown, 1- to multiseptate, sometimes with 3–5-eusepta, constricted at the central septum (Thambugala et al. 2015). Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata scattered or clustered, subglobose with a flattened base, covered with brownish, septate hyphae. Neck central, cylindrical, composed of dark brown, polygonal to subglobose cells. Pycnidial wall slightly thinner at the base, composed of subglobose to polygonal cells. Conidiophores septate, branched, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells phialidic. Conidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, aseptate, hyaline, smooth (Tanaka and Harada 2003).
Type species: Lophiostoma macrostomum (Tode) Ces. & De Not.
Notes: Lophiostoma is an old genus with over 400 epithets recorded (Index Fungorum 2020). Lophiostoma was confirmed in Lophiostomataceae based on multigene phylogenetic analyses (Thambugala et al. 2015). Hashimoto et al. (2018) revisited 11 species that were classified as Lophiostoma bipolare complex and proposed five new genera. The asexual morph was found in the culture of L. semiliberum (Desm.) Ces. & De Not. and characterized by subglobose conidiomata covered by hyphae, phialidic conidiogenous cells and ellipsoid to obovoid conidia (Tanaka and Harada 2003). Six species have been found from freshwater habitats, but none of them is confirmed by molecular evidence. Of the six freshwater species, L. purpurascens is the only species staining the substrate purple (Hyde and Aptroot 1998b). Staining the substrate purple was also observed in other freshwater species, e.g. Amniculicola parva, Jahnula purpurea, Purpureofaciens aquatica (Zhang et al. 2009; Fournier et al. 2015; Dong et al. 2020). Fresh collections are needed to verify the taxonomic placement of these freshwater species. (Notes from Dong et al. 2020)
List of freshwater Lophiostoma species
Lophiostoma aquaticum (J. Webster) Aptroot & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 7: 106 (2002)
Basionym: Massarina aquatica J. Webster, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 48(3): 451 (1965)
Freshwater distribution: Brunei (Ho et al. 2001), England (Webster 1965), Malaysia (Ho et al. 2001), South Africa (Hyde and Aptroot 1998; Hyde et al. 1998)
Lophiostoma frondisubmersum (K.D. Hyde) E.C.Y. Liew, Aptroot& K.D. Hyde, Mycologia 94(5): 812 (2002)
Basionym: Massarina fronsisubmersa K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 98(7): 724 (1994)
Freshwater distribution: New Guinea (Hyde 1994), USA (Raja et al. 2009)
Lophiostoma lunisporum (K.D. Hyde & Goh) Aptroot & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 7: 107 (2002)
Basionym: Massarina lunispora K.D. Hyde & Goh, Mycol. Res. 102(6): 741 (1998)
Freshwater distribution: Australia (Hyde and Goh 1998)
Lophiostoma maquilingense K.D. Hyde and Aptroot, Nova Hedwigia 66(3–4): 499 (1998)
Freshwater distribution: Philippines (Hyde and Aptroot 1998)
Lophiostoma proprietunicatum (K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss) Aptroot & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 7: 107 (2002)
Basionym: Massarina proprietunicata K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss, Mycol. Res. 103(12): 1575 (1999)
Freshwater distribution: China (Tsui et al. 1999)
Lophiostoma purpurascens (K.D. Hyde & Aptroot) Aptroot & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 7: 108 108(2002)
Basionym: Massarina purpurascens K.D. Hyde & Aptroot, Nova Hedwigia 66(3–4): 496 (1998)
Freshwater distribution: Australia (Hyde and Aptroot 1998), China (Tsui et al. 2000), New Guinea (Hyde and Aptroot 1998b)
Key to freshwater Xenoastrosphaeriella species
1. Often stain the substrate purple............................................. L. purpurascens
1. Do not stain substrate purple...................................................................... 2
2. Ascospores hyaline, 1-septate..................................................................... 3
2. Ascospores hyaline, 1-septate, becoming pale brown, 3-septate.. L. aquaticum
3. Ascospores with appendages..................................................................... 4
3. Ascospores without appendages............................................... L. lunisporum
4. Ascomata immersed beneath a darkened, slightly raised pseudostromata....... L. maquilingense
4. Ascomata not as above.............................................................................. 5
5. Ascospore appendages > 18 μm........................................ L.proprietunicatum
References
Dong W, Wang B, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Raja HA, Tanaka K, Abdel-Wahab MA, Abdel-Aziz FA, Doilom M, Phookamsak R, Hongsanan S, Wanasinghe DN, Yu X-D, Wang G-N, Yang H, Yang J, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Luo Z-L, Yang J-B, Miller AN, Fournier J, Boonmee S, Hu D-M, Nalumpang S, Zhang H (2020) Freshwater Dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers 105:319–575
Fournier J, Raja HA, Shearer CA (2015) Freshwater Ascomycetes: Jahnula purpurea (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes), a new species on submerged wood from Martinique Island, Lesser Antilles. Mycokeys 9:29–36
Hashimoto A, Hirayama K, Takahashi H, Matsumura M, Okada G, Chen CY, Huang JW, Kakishima M, Ono T, Tanaka K (2018) Resolving the Lophiostoma bipolare complex: generic delimitations within Lophiostomataceae. Stud Mycol 90:161–189
Ho WH, Hyde KD, Hodgkiss JI, Yanna (2001) Fungal communities on submerged wood from streams in Brunei, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. Mycol Res 105:1492–1501
Hyde KD (1994) Aquatic fungi on rachides of Livistona in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Mycol Res 98:719–725
Hyde KD, Aptroot A (1998) Tropical freshwater species of the genera Massarina and Lophiostoma (ascomycetes). Nova Hedwigia 66:489–502
Hyde KD, Goh TK (1998) Fungi on submerged wood in Lake Barrine, north Queensland, Australia. Mycol Res 102:739–749
Hyde KD, Goh TK, Steinke TD (1998) Fungi on submerged wood in the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa. S Afr J Bot 64:151–162
Raja HA, Schmit JP, Shearer CA (2009) Latitudinal, habitat and substrate distribution patterns of freshwater ascomycetes in the Florida Peninsula. Biodivers Conserv 18:419–455
Tanaka K, Harada Y (2003) Pleosporales in Japan (1): the genus Lophiostoma. Mycoscience 44:85–96
Thambugala KM, Hyde KD, Tanaka K, Tian Q, Wanasinghe DN, Ariyawansa HA, Jayasiri SC, Boonmee S, Camporesi E, Hashimoto A, Hirayama K, Schumacher RK, Promputtha I, Liu ZY (2015) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Lophiostomataceae, Floricolaceae, and Amorosiaceae fam. nov. Fungal Divers 74:199–266
Tsui KM, Hyde KD, Hodgkiss IJ (1999) Massarina proprietunicata sp. nov., from submerged wood in streams in Hong Kong. Mycol Res 103:1575–1578
Tsui KM, Hyde KD, Hodgkiss IJ (2000) Biodiversity of fungi on submerged wood in Hong Kong streams. Aquat Microb Ecol 21:289–298
Zhang Y, Fournier J, Crous PW, Pointing SB, Hyde KD (2009) Phylogenetic and morphological assessment of two new species of Amniculicola and their allies (Pleosporales). Persoonia 23:48–54
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