Periconia
Periconia Tode
Index Fungorum number: IF 9263; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06658
Saprobic on decaying wood from terrestrial, freshwater, mangrove and marine habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered to gregarious, immersed to erumpent, globose, with ostiolate papilla. Ostiolar neck central, periphysate. Peridium composed of several layers of pale brown to brown, thin-walled cells. Pseudoparaphyses numerous, cellular, hyaline, septate, branched, anastomosing. Asci bitunicate, fissitunicate, 8-spored, oblong to cylindrical. Ascospores broadly fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth, with an entire sheath. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. periconia- or noosia-like. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, sometimes absent, branched. Branches pale brown to brown, smooth to slightly echinulate. Conidial heads spherical. Conidiogenous cells mono- to poly-blastic, discrete on stipe and branches. Conidia variable in shape, globose to ellipsoidal, aseptate, solitary or catenate, brown, verruculose to echinulate. (Descriptions from Dong et al. 2020)
Type species: Periconia lichenoides Tode
Notes: Periconia is characterized by mostly macronematous conidiophores which often have a spherical head, monoblastic or polyblastic conidiogenous cells, and catenate, aseptate, verruculose or echinulate conidia (Tode 1791; Cai et al. 2006). After re-examination of six collections of P. byssoides Pers., it was deemed conspecific with P. lichenoides, but without molecular evidence (Mason and Ellis 1953). Periconia species are widely distributed and have been reported as endophytes, plant pathogenic (Odvody et al. 1977; Romero et al. 2001) and saprobic fungi from terrestrial (Liu et al. 2017; Jayasiri et al. 2019), mangrove (Alias and Jones 2000), marine (Kohlmeyer 1977) and freshwater habitats (Luo et al. 2004; Hyde et al. 2017).
Two species have been linked to sexual morphs based on cultural and phylogenetic methods, viz. Periconia igniaria E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis (Massarina in Dothideomycetes) (Booth 1968; Aptroot 1998) and P. prolifica Anastasiou (Okeanomyces in Sordariomycetes) (Kohlmeyer 1969; Pang et al. 2004). Periconia is, therefore, recognized as a polyphyletic genus (Tanaka et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2017). The phylogenetic analysis of Phookamsak et al. (2019) showed that some genera, viz. Bambusistroma D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Flavomyces D.G. Knapp et al. and Noosia Crous et al., nested within Periconia in Periconiaceae, which also indicated the polyphyletic nature of Periconia. The sequences of the type species P. lichenoides are unavailable, but Periconia is placed in Dothideomycetes based on some species, e.g., P. aquatica Z.L. Luo et al., P. byssoides Pers. and P. submersa Z.L. Luo et al, which have the typical characters of Periconia (Tanaka et al. 2015; Hyde et al. 2017).
Tanaka et al. (2015) introduced a freshwater sexual species P. pseudodigitata Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., which formed a sister clade to P. digitata (Cooke) Sacc. The freshwater species P. prolifica was suggested to be excluded from Periconia based on the distinct molecular characters and basipetal production of conidial chains, contrasting with the acropetal conidial chains of Periconia sensu stricto (Markovskaja and Kacergius 2014; Tanaka et al. 2015). We exclude this species in the key below. (Notes from Dong et al. 2020)
Key to freshwater Periconia species
1. Conidiophores branched............................................................................... 2
1. Conidiophores unbranched........................................................................... 4
2. Conidia solitary............................................................................... P. digitata
2. Conidia catenate......................................................................................... 3
3. Conidia 7–9.5 μm diam......................................................... P. pseudodigitata
3. Conidia 4.5–5.5 μm diam.......................................................... P. minutissima
4. Conidia spherical........................................................................ P. byssoides
4. Conidia non-spherical................................................................................... 5
5. Conidia 10–12 × 6–7 μm................................................................ P. aquatica
5. Conidia 6.5–9.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm....................................................... P. submersa
List of freshwater Periconia species
Periconia aquatica Z.L. Luo, Hong Y. Su & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 87: 71 (2017)
Freshwater distribution: China (Hyde et al. 2017)
Periconia byssoides
Freshwater distribution: USA (Shearer 1972), China (Luo et al. 2004)
Periconia digitata
Freshwater distribution: China (Luo et al. 2004)
Periconia minutissima
Freshwater distribution: China (Cai et al. 2002; Luo et al. 2004; Hyde et al. 2017)
Periconia pseudodigitata
Freshwater distribution: Japan (Tanaka et al. 2015)
Periconia submersa
Freshwater distribution: China (Hyde et al. 2017)
References
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Tode F (1791) Fungi Mecklenburgenses selecti, Fasciculus 2. F Lemke, Lüneburg
Recent Genus
1Neochlamydotubeufia
Neohelicomyces
Recent Species
Neohelicomyces submersusNeohelicomyces hyalosporus
Neohelicomyces grandisporus