Tetraploa
Tetraploa Berk. & Broome
= Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, Studies in Mycology 64: 177 (2009).
Index Fungorum number: IF 10199; Facesoffungi number: FoF 06666
Saprobic on culms, twigs, and leaves of bamboo and other Gramineae. Sexual morph: Ascomata scattered to gregarious, immersed to erumpent, black to dark brown, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ca. 150–350 μm diam. Beak short-papillate to cylindrical, central, with periphyses. Peridium composed of nearly rectangular to polygonal thin-walled cells, sometimes poorly developed at the base. Hamathecium of 1–4 μm wide, cellular, septate and branched pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, short pedicellate, with a shallow ocular chamber at rounded apex, basal to somewhat lateral. Ascospores biseriate above, uniseriate below, narrowly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with a septum and slightly constricted, hyaline, smooth-walled, surrounded by a narrow mucilaginous appendage-like sheath. Asexual morph: Tetraploa sensu stricto, hyphomycetous. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic. Conidia composed of 4 columns, short-cylindrical, brown, verrucose at the base, euseptate, with four brown setose appendages at the apex. (Descriptions from Hyde et al. 2013)
Type species: Tetraploa aristata Berk. & Broome, Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5: 459 (1850).
Notes: Tetraploa was reinstated, suppressing Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. by Hyde et al. (2013). Hyde et al. (2020) doubted that Dwibahubeeja N. Srivast. et al. was a synonym of Tetraploa because of the similarities of T. dwibahubeeja Rajeshkumar et al. and D. indica N. Srivast. et al. (type). However, this cannot be resolved until sequence data of D. indica is available.
Tetraploa is similar to other genera in Tetraplosphaeriaceae in having conidia with several setose appendages, but differs by its globose ascomata, narrowly fusiform ascospores surrounded by a narrow mucilaginous appendage-like sheath and cylindrical, euseptate conidia with setose appendages (Hyde et al. 2013).
The freshwater species Tetrapola scheueri Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. was proposed by Hyde et al. (2013) to replace Tetraplosphaeria tetraploa (Scheuer) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. The asexual morph of T. scheueri was reported as T. aristata Berk. & Broome based on cultural methods (Scheuer 1991). However, Tanaka et al. (2009) considered T. aristata to be a species-complex composed of phylogenetically diverse lineages. Thus, the identification of T. aristata should be re-evaluated (Tanaka et al. 2009). Two putative strains T. aristata (CBS 996.70) and T. scheueri (CY112) cluster together in the phylogenetic analysis of Dong et al (2020), and there are two nucleotide differences in ITS sequence data, which probably supports the conclusion of Scheuer (1991). However, the real identities of two strains are unknown because their morphology are unavailable (Tanaka et al. 2009; Rodrigues et al. 2011).
List of freshwater Tetraploa species
Tetraploa abortiva Aramb. & Cabello, Mycotaxon 30: 266 (1987)
Freshwater distribution: Argentina (Arambarri et al. 1987)
Tetraploa aristata Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 2 5: 459 (1850)
Freshwater distribution: Argentina and Brazil (Schoenlein-Crusius and Grandi 2003), China (Tsui et al. 2001), Hungary (Révay 1993), India (Karamchand and Sridhar 2008), Peru (Schoenlein-Crusius and Grandi 2003)
Tetraploa ellisii Cooke Grevillea 8(no. 45): 12 (1879)
Freshwater distribution: Peru (Schoenlein-Crusius and Grandi 2003)
Tetraploa puzheheiensis W. Dong, H. Yang & H. Zhang
Freshwater distribution: China (Dong et al. 2020)
Tetraploa scheueri Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., Fungal Diversity 63: 253 (2013)
Freshwater distribution: UK (Scheuer 1991)
Tetraploa yunnanensis W. Dong, H. Yang & H. Zhang
Freshwater distribution: China (Dong et al. 2020)
Key to freshwater Tetraploa species
1. Conidia composed of 4 columns................................................................. 2
1. Conidia composed of 2–3 columns............................................................. 4
2. Conidia > 39 μm long on average, 30–51 × 15–26 μm.......................... T. ellisii
2. Conidia mostly < 39 μm long....................................................................... 3
3. Conidial appendages 263–350 µm long, 17–22-septate................... T. scheueri
3. Conidial appendages 12–80 µm long, 1–6-septate........................... T. aristata
4. Conidia < 15 µm wide.................................................................... T. abortiva
4. Conidia > 15 µm wide.................................................................................. 5
5. Conidial appendages 25–83 µm long....................................... T. yunnanensis
5. Conidial appendages 3–27 µm long...................................... T. puzheheiensis
References
Dong W, Wang B, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Raja HA, Tanaka K, Abdel-Wahab MA, Abdel-Aziz FA, Doilom M, Phookamsak R, Hongsanan S, Wanasinghe DN, Yu X-D, Wang G-N, Yang H, Yang J, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Luo Z-L, Yang J-B, Miller AN, Fournier J, Boonmee S, Hu D-M, Nalumpang S, Zhang H (2020) Freshwater Dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers 105:319–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00463-5
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Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H, Boehm E, Boonmee S, Braun U, Chomnunti P, Crous PW, Dai DQ, Diederich P, Dissanayake A, Doilom M, Doveri F, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena R, Lawrey JD, Li YM, Liu YX, Lücking R, Monkai J, Muggia L, Nelsen MP, Pang KL, Phookamsak R, Senanayake IC, Shearer CA, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Wijayawardene NN, Wikee S, Wu HX, Zhang Y, Aguirre-Hudson B, Alias SA, Aptroot A, Bahkali AH, Bezerra JL, Bhat DJ, Camporesi E, Chukeatirote E, Gueidan C, Hawksworth DL, Hirayama K, De Hoog S, Kang JC, Knudsen K, Li WJ, Li XH, Liu ZY, Mapook A, McKenzie EHC, Miller AN, Mortimer PE, Phillips AJL, Raja HA, Scheuer C, Schumm F, Taylor JE, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Wang Y, Xu JC, Yacharoen S, Yan JY, Zhang M (2013) Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers 63:1–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0263-4
Karamchand KS, Sridhar KR (2008) Water-borne conidial fungi inhabiting tree holes of the west coast and Western Ghats of India. Czech Mycol 60:63–74. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.60105
Révay A (1993) Some new or interesting hyphomycetes from Hungary. Nov Hedwigia 56:473–482
Rodrigues A, Mueller UG, Ishak HD, Bacci Jr M, Pagnocca FC (2011) Ecology of microfungal communities in gardens of fungus-growing ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a year-long survey of three species of attine ants in Central Texas. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 78:244–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01152.x
Scheuer C (1991) Massarina tetraploa sp. nov., the teleomorph of Tetraploa aristata. Mycol Res 95:126–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81370-1
Schoenlein-Crusius IH, Grandi RAP (2003) The diversity of aquatic Hyphomycetes in South America. Brazilian J Microbiol 34:183–193. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822003000300001
Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Yonezawa H, Hatakeyama S, Harada Y, Sano T, Shirouzu T, Hosoya T (2009) Molecular taxonomy of bambusicolous fungi: Tetraplosphaeriaceae, a new pleosporalean family with Tetraploa-like anamorphs. Stud Mycol 64:175–209. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2009.64.10
Tsui CKM, Hyde KD, Hodgkiss IJ (2001) Longitudinal and temporal distribution of freshwater ascomycetes and dematiaceous hyphomycetes on submerged wood in the Lam Tsuen River, Hong Kong. J North Am Benthol Soc 20:533–549. https://doi.org/10.2307/1468086
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