Pleosporales

Torulaceae

Torulaceae Corda

Index Fungorum number: IF 81478; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01740

 

Saprobic in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies discrete, dark brown to black, effuse, dry, velvety. Mycelium mostly immersed. Conidiophores erect, or reduced to conidiogenous cells, brown, subcylindrical, with or without apical branches. Conidiogenous cells mono- to polyblastic, doliiform to ellipsoid or clavate, brown, smooth to verruculose, sometimes cupulate. Conidia mostly subcylindrical, phragmosporous, sometimes in branched chains, sometimes solitary, acrogenous, brown, dry, septate, smooth-walled to verrucose. Conidial secession schizolytic. (Descriptions from Hyde et al. 2020)

 

Type genus: Torula Pers.

 

Notes: Torulaceae is known only from its asexual characters. It is characterized by immersed mycelium, erect, micro- or macronematous, straight or flexuous, subcylindrical conidiophores, with or without apical branches and doliiform to ellipsoid or clavate, brown, smooth to verruculose, and mono- to polyblastic conidiogenous cells. Conidia are subcylindrical, phragmosporous, acrogenous, brown, dry, and smooth to verrucose, characteristically produced in branched chains (Crous et al. 2015, Hyde et al. 2016, Su et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017). Crous et al. (2015) accepted Dendryphion and Torula in this family based on phylogenetic relationships of Torulaceae. Currently, Dendryphion, Neotorula, Rostriconidium, Rutola, Sporidesmioides and Torula are accommodated in Torulaceae (Hyde et al. 2016, Li et al. 2016, Su et al. 2016, Crous et al. 2019).

 

Key to freshwater genera of Torulaceae

1. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic........................................................... Torula

1. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic............................................................... 2

2. Conidia pyriform to rostrate, narrowly cylindrical and obtuse at the apex......... Rostriconidium

2. Conidia without above characters................................................................ 3

3. Conidia cylindrical or obclavate, solitary or in short chains............ Dendryphion

3. Conidia clavate to subcylindrical, branch chains............................... Neotorula

 

References

Crous PW, Carris LM, Giraldo A, Groenewald JZ, Hawksworth DL, Hernández-Restrepo M, Jaklitsch WM, Lebrun MH, Schumacher RK, Benjamin Stielow J, Van Der Linde EJEJ, Vilcane J, Voglmayr H, Wood AR (2015) The genera of fungi-fixing the application of the type species of generic names-G 2: Allantophomopsis, Latorua, Macrodiplodiopsis, Macrohilum, Milospium, Protostegia, Pyricularia, Robillarda, Rotula, Septoriella, Torula, and Wojnowicia. IMA Fungus 6:163–198. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.11

Crous PW, Schumacher RK, Wood AR, Groenewald JZ (2020) The Genera of Fungi – G5: Arthrinium, Ceratosphaeria, Dimerosporiopsis, Hormodochis, Lecanostictopsis, Lembosina, Neomelanconium, Phragmotrichum, Pseudomelanconium, Rutola, and Trullula. Fungal Syst Evol 5:77–98. https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.05.04

Hyde KD, Hongsanan S, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ, McKenzie EHC, Jones EBG, Phookamsak R, Ariyawansa HA, Boonmee S, Zhao Q, Abdel-Aziz FA, Abdel-Wahab MA, Banmai S, Chomnunti P, Cui BK, Daranagama DA, Das K, Dayarathne MC, de Silva NI, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Ekanayaka AH, Gibertoni TB, Góes-Neto A, Huang SK, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Konta S, Lee HB, Li WJ, Lin CG, Liu JK, Lu YZ, Luo ZL, Manawasinghe IS, Manimohan P, Mapook A, Niskanen T, Norphanphoun C, Papizadeh M, Perera RH, Phukhamsakda C, Richter C, André ALCM, Drechsler-Santos ER, Senanayake IC, Tanaka K, Tennakoon TMDS, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Thongbai B, Vizzini A, Wanasinghe DN, Wijayawardene NN, Wu HX, Yang J, Zeng XY, Zhang H, Zhang JF, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E, Bahkali AH, Amoozegar MA, Araujo-Neta LS, Ammirati JF, Baghela A, Bhatt RP, Bojantchev D, Buyck B, da Silva GA, de Lima CLF, de Oliveira RJV, de Souza CAF, Dai YC, Dima B, Duong TT, Ercole E, Mafalda-Freire F, Ghosh A, Hashimoto A, Kamolhan S, Kang JC, Karunarathna SC, Kirk PM, Kytövuori I, Lantieri A, Liimatainen K, Liu ZY, Liu XZ, Lücking R, Medardi G, Mortimer PE, Nguyen TTT, Promputtha I, Raj KNA, Reck MA, Lumyong S, Shahzadeh-Fazeli SA, Stadler M, Soudi MR, Su HY, Takahashi T, Tangthirasunun N, Uniyal P, Wang Y, Wen TC, Xu JC, Zhang ZK, Zhao YC, Zhou JL, Zhu L (2016) Fungal diversity notes 367–490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers 80:1–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x

Li JF, Bhat DJ, Phookamsak R, Mapook A, Lumyong S, Hyde KD (2016) Sporidesmioides thailandica gen. et sp. nov. (Dothideomycetes) from northern Thailand. Mycol Prog 15:1169–1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-016-1238-0

Li JF, Phookamsak R, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ, Mapook A, Camporesi E, Shang QJ, Chukeatirote E, Bahkali AH, Hyde KD (2017) Molecular taxonomy and morphological characterization reveal new species and new host records of Torula species (Torulaceae, Pleosporales). Mycol Prog 16:447–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1292-2

Su H, Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Ariyawansa HA, Luo Z, Promputtha I, Tian Q, Lin C, Shang Q, Zhao Y, Chai H, Liu X, Bahkali AH, Bhat JD, McKenzie EHC, Zhou D (2016) The families Distoseptisporaceae fam. nov., Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, Sporormiaceae and Torulaceae, with new species from freshwater in Yunnan Province, China. Fungal Divers 80:375–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0362-0

 

Recent Genus

1
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