Torula
Torula Pers.
Index Fungorum number: IF 10248; Facesoffungi number: FoF 01746
Saprobic in freshwater or terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, velvety, dark brown to black. Mycelium mostly immersed. Conidiophores micronematous, reduced to conidiogenous cells, or with one supporting cell. Conidiogenous cells mono- to polyblastic, solitary on mycelium, doliiform to ellipsoid or clavate, cupulate, brown, smooth to verruculose. Conidia acrogenous, dry, brown, branched chains, phragmosporous, strongly constricted at the septa, smooth to verrucose; conidiogenous cell and fertile cell in conidial chains (where branching occurs) darker brown than other cells (Crous et al. 2015). (Description from Dong et al. 2020)
Type species: Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link
Notes: Crous et al. (2015) designated a neotype (CPC 24114) for the type species Torula herbarum. Torula has over 500 epithets in Index Fungorum (2020) and recently introduced species were mainly based on molecular data (Su et al. 2016, 2018; Hyde et al. 2017, 2019). Four freshwater species have been confirmed in Torula based on sequence data. They can be distinguished by conidial size and chains. (Notes from Dong et al. 2020)
List of freshwater Torula species
Torula aquatica Z.L. Luo, K.D. Hyde, X.J. Su & H.Y. Su, Mycol. Progr. 17(5): 538 (2018)
Freshwater distribution: China (Su et al. 2018)
Torula fici Crous [as ‘ficus’], IMA Fungus 6(1): 192 (2015)
Freshwater distribution: China (Su et al. 2018)
Torula gaodangensis J. Yang & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 87: 113 (2017)
Freshwater distribution: China (Hyde et al. 2017)
Torula masonii Crous, IMA Fungus 6(1): 195 (2015)
Freshwater distribution: China (Su et al. 2018)
Key to freshwater Torula species
1. Conidia < 20 μm long.................................................................................. 2
1. Conidia > 20 μm long.................................................................................. 3
2. Conidia 8.5–13.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm...................................................... T. aquatica
2. Conidia 11–23 × 5.5–6.5 μm.................................................................. T. fici
3. Conidia in branched chains............................................................ T. masonii
3. Conidia not in chains............................................................ T. gaodangensis
References
Dong W, Wang B, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Raja HA, Tanaka K, Abdel-Wahab MA, Abdel-Aziz FA, Doilom M, Phookamsak R, Hongsanan S, Wanasinghe DN, Yu X-D, Wang G-N, Yang H, Yang J, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Luo Z-L, Yang J-B, Miller AN, Fournier J, Boonmee S, Hu D-M, Nalumpang S, Zhang H (2020) Freshwater Dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers 105:319–575
Hyde KD, Norphanphoun C, Abreu VP, Bazzicalupo A, Chethana KWT, Clericuzio M, Dayarathne MC, Dissanayake AJ, Ekanayaka AH, He MQ, Hongsanan S, Huang SK, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Karunarathna A, Konta S, Kusan I, Lee H, Li J, Lin CG, Liu NG, Lu YZ, Luo ZL, Manawasinghe IS, Mapook A, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Siedlecki I, Soares AM, Tennakoon DS, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Xiao YP, Yang J, Zeng XY, Abdel-Aziz FA, Li WJ, Senanayake IC, Shang QJ, Daranagama DA, de Silva NI, Thambugala KM, Abdel-Wahab MA, Bahkali AH, Berbee ML, Boonmee S, Bhat DJ, Bulgakov TS, Buyck B, Camporesi E, Castaneda-Ruiz RF, Chomnunti P, Doilom M, Dovana F, Gibertoni TB, Jadan M, Jeewon R, Jones EBG, Kang JC, Karunarathna SC, Lim YW, Liu JK, Liu ZY, Plautz HL Jr, Lumyong S, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Matocec N, McKenzie EHC, Mesic A, Miller D, Pawlowska J, Pereira OL, Promputtha I, Romero AI, Ryvarden L, Su HY, Suetrong S, Tkalcec Z, Vizzini A, Wen TC, Wisitrassameewong K, Wrzosek M, Xu JC, Zhao Q, Zhao RL, Mortimer PE (2017) Fungal diversity notes 603–708: taxonomic and phylogenetic notes on genera and species. Fungal Divers 87:1–235
Hyde KD, Tennakoon DS, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Rossi W, Leonardi M, Lee HB, Mun HY, Houbraken J, Nguyen TTT, Jeon SJ, Frisvad JC, Wanasinghe DN, Lücking R, Aptroot A, Cáceres MES, Karunarathna SC, Hongsanan S, Phookamsak R, de Silva NI, Thambugala KM, Jayawardena RS, Senanayake IC, Boonmee S, Chen J, Luo ZL, Phukhamsakda C, Pereira OL, Abreu VP, Rosado AWC, Bart B, Randrianjohany E, Hofstetter V, Gibertoni TB, Soares AMdS, Plautz HL, Sotão HMP, Xavier WKS, Bezerra JDP, de Oliveira TGL, de Souza-Motta CM, Magalhães OMC, Bundhun D, Harishchandra D, Manawasinghe IS, Dong W, Zhang SN, Bao DF, Samarakoon MC, Pem D, Karunarathna A, Lin CG, Yang J, Perera RH, Kumar V, Huang SK, Dayarathne MC, Ekanayaka AH, Jayasiri SC, Xiao Y, Konta S, Niskanen T, Liimatainen K, Dai YC, Ji XH, Tian XM, Mešić A, Singh SK, Phutthacharoen K, Cai L, Sorvongxay T, Thiyagaraja V, Norphanphoun C, Chaiwan N, Lu YZ, Jiang HB, Zhang JF, Abeywickrama PD, Aluthmuhandiram JVS, Brahmanage RS, Zeng M, Chethana T, Wei D, Réblová M, Fournier J, Nekvindová J, do Nascimento Barbosa R, dos Santos JEF, de Oliveira NT, Li GJ, Ertz D, Shang QJ, Phillips AJL, Kuo CH, Camporesi E, Bulgakov TS, Lumyong S, Jones EBG, Chomnunti P, Gentekaki E, Bungartz F, Zeng XY, Fryar S, Tkalčec Z, Liang J, Li G, Wen TC, Singh PN, Gafforov Y, Promputtha I, Yasanthika E, Goonasekara ID, Zhao RL, Zhao Q, Kirk PM, Liu JK, Yan J, Mortimer PE, Xu J, Doilom M (2019) Fungal diversity notes 1036–1150: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Divers 96:1–242
Su HY, Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Ariyawansa HA, Luo ZL, Promputtha I, Tian Q, Lin CG, Shang QJ, Zhao YC (2016) The families Distoseptisporaceae fam. nov., Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, Sporormiaceae and Torulaceae, with new species from freshwater in Yunnan Province. China. Fungal Divers 80:375–409
Su XJ, Luo ZL, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ, Bao DF, Li WL, Hao YE, Su HY, Hyde KD (2018) Morphology and multigene phylogeny reveal new genus and species of Torulaceae from freshwater habitats in northwestern Yunnan, China. Mycol Prog 17:531–545
Recent Genus
1Neochlamydotubeufia
Neohelicomyces
Recent Species
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